In recent months, the idea of Canada joining the European Union has transformed from a fringe notion into a topic of serious discussion among policymakers and commentators. This shift is largely attributed to escalating tensions with the United States under President Donald Trump’s administration, prompting Canada to explore alternative alliances.
Prime Minister Mark Carney has been vocal about the need to diversify Canada’s international partnerships, emphasizing a pivot towards Europe. This strategic alignment is evident in Canada’s efforts to strengthen economic ties with the EU, particularly in response to US tariffs that have strained the traditional Canada-US trade relationship.
The prospect of Canada joining the EU, however, faces significant legal and geopolitical hurdles. Article 49 of the Treaty on European Union stipulates that only European states are eligible for membership, and the definition of “European” remains ambiguous. While countries like Cyprus have joined the EU despite geographical complexities, Canada’s lack of proximity and absence from institutions like the Council of Europe present even more challenges.
Public opinion in Canada reflects a growing openness to deeper integration with the EU. A recent Abacus Data poll indicates that currently a majority of Canadians rank the European Union as their most important partner for the next three to five years, with 52% placing it in their top two choices—ahead of the United Kingdom, which follows at 44%. This shift in sentiment underscores a desire to align more closely with European values and institutions, especially in light of perceived unpredictability in US foreign policy.
Despite the enthusiasm, full EU membership would require Canada to undertake extensive legal and institutional reforms, including adopting the acquis communautaire—a comprehensive body of EU laws and regulations. This process could take over a decade and would necessitate unanimous approval from all existing EU member states.
Given these complexities, experts suggest that Canada might pursue alternative forms of integration with the EU. Options include enhanced strategic partnerships focusing on trade, digital cooperation, and security. For instance, the EU and Canada have recently launched a Digital Partnership aimed at collaborating on artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, and semiconductor supply chains.
While Canada’s accession to the EU remains unlikely in the near term, the current geopolitical climate has catalyzed a reevaluation of its international alliances. Strengthening ties with the EU through strategic partnerships may offer a pragmatic path forward, allowing Canada to diversify its global relationships without the formidable challenges of full EU membership.
